5. Οι αναδυόμενες πολιτικές της έλλειψης τροφίμων
CHAPTER 5
1. U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), “Soaring Food Prices: Facts, Perspectives, Impacts, and Actions Required,” paper presented at the High-Level Conference on World Food Security: The Challenges of Climate Change and Bioenergy, Rome, 3–5 June 2008; historical wheat, rice, corn, and soybean prices are Chicago Board of Trade futures data from TFC Commodity Charts, “Grain & Oilseed Commodities Futures,” atfutures.tradingcharts.com/grains_oilseeds.html, viewed 21 July 2010; Ian MacKinnon, “Farmers Fall Prey to Rice Rustlers as Price of Staple Crop Rockets,” Guardian (London), 31 March 2008.
2. Daniel Ten Kate, “Grain Prices Soar Globally,” Christian Science Monitor, 27 March 2008; U.N. World Food Programme (WFP), “Countries: Sudan,” www.wfp.org/countries/sudan, viewed 26 July 2010; Nadeem Sarwar, “Pakistan’s Poor, Musharraf Reeling Under Wheat Crisis,” Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 14 January 2008; Keith Bradsher, “High Rice Cost Creating Fears of Asian Unrest,” New York Times, 29 March 2008; Kamran Haider, “Pakistani Troops Escort Wheat Trucks to Stop Theft,” Reuters, 13 January 2008; Khalid Qayum, “Pakistan Wheat Output May Miss Target, Fuelling Rally,”Bloomberg, 8 April 2008; Kent Garber, “How Countries Worsen the Food Price Crisis,” U.S. News and World Report, 9 April 2008.
3. Adam Morrow and Khaled Moussa Al-Omrani, “Egypt: Rising Food Costs Provoke Fights Over Subsidised Bread,” Inter Press Service, 26 March 2008; Ellen Knickmeyer, “Egypt’s President Urges Family Planning,” Washington Post, 11 June 2008; Robert F. Worth, “Rising Inflation Creates Unease in Middle East,” New York Times, 25 February 2008; Julian Borger, “Feed the World? We are Fighting a Losing Battle UN Admits,” Guardian (London), 26 February 2008; Tansa Musa, “Hungry Crowds Spell Trouble for World Leaders,” Reuters, 2 April 2008; “Clashes Over Food Prices Trouble Political Leaders,” Reuters, 2 April 2008; Bradsher, op. cit. note 2; Joseph Guyler Delva, “Four Killed as Haitians Riot Over Prices,” Reuters, 5 April 2008; Peter Apps, “Soaring Food Prices Raise Investment Risk,” Reuters, 14 April 2008; Joseph Guyler Delva and Jim Loney, “Haiti’s Government Falls after Food Riots,” Reuters, 12 April 2008.
4. Chicago Board of Trade futures data from TFC Commodity Charts, op. cit. note 1; FAO, Crop Prospects and Food Situation, no. 2 (Rome: April 2008); Javier Blas, “UN Pleads for $500m to Avoid Food Crisis,” Financial Times, 24 March 2008; Celia W. Dugger, “As Prices Soar, U.S. Food Aid Buys Less,” New York Times, 29 September 2007; WFP, “Our Work: Operations List,” at www.wfp.org/operations, viewed 9 June 2009; Edith M. Lederer, “U.N.: Hunger Kills 18,000 Kids Each Day,” Associated Press, 17 February 2007.
5. FAO, op. cit. note 1; Lester R. Brown, Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001), pp. 145–46; Fred H. Sanderson, “The Great Food Fumble,” Science, vol. 188 (9 May 1975), pp. 503–09; U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Agricultural Statistics Service, “Crop Production,” news release (Washington, DC: 12 August 2005).
6. U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Population Database, at esa.un.org/unpp, updated 11 March 2009.
7. USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, electronic database, at www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline, updated 9 July 2010; U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 6.
8. USDA, op. cit. note 7; F.O. Licht, “Too Much Too Soon? World Ethanol Production to Break Another Record in 2005,”World Ethanol and Biofuels Report, vol. 3, no. 20 (21 June 2005), pp. 429–35; U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, “World Crude Oil Prices” and “U.S. All Grades All Formulations Retail Gasoline Prices,” attonto.eia.doe.gov, viewed 31 July 2007; Lester R. Brown, “Distillery Demand for Grain to Fuel Cars Vastly Understated: World May Be Facing Highest Grain Prices in History,” Plan B Update (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 4 January 2007).
9. USDA, op. cit. note 7; USDA, Feed Grains Database, electronic database, at www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FeedGrains, updated 14 July 2010.
10. Miguel Robles, Maximo Torero, and Joachim von Braun, When Speculation Matters, Issue Brief No. 57 (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), February 2009).
11. Lester R. Brown, “Paving the Planet: Cars and Crops Competing for Land,” Eco-Economy Update (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 14 February 2001).
12. Patricia Jiayi Ho, “China Passes U.S. as World’s Top Car Market,” Wall Street Journal, 12 January 2010; U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 6; 2009 U.S. and world vehicle fleet size from Ward’s Automotive Group, “Vehicles in Operation by Country,” table from Lisa Williamson, e-mail to Alexandra Giese, Earth Policy Institute, 24 September 2010; paved land needed to accommodate 1 billion cars in China calculated by Earth Policy Institute using conservative estimate of 0.02 hectares per car, based on denser development typical of Japan and Europe—details available in Brown, op. cit. note 11; rice area from USDA, op. cit. note 7.
13. USDA, op. cit. note 7.
14. Ping-Ti Ho, “The Loess and the Origin of Chinese Agriculture,” The American Historical Review, vol. 75, no. 1 (October 1969), pp. 1–36; USDA, op. cit. note 7.
15. USDA, Foreign Agricultural Service, The Amazon: Brazil’s Final Soybean Frontier (Washington, DC: January 2004); Philip Fearnside, quoted in Steve Connor, “How a Century of Destruction Has Laid Bare the World’s Rainforests,”Independent (London), 10 July 2004; Daniel Nepstad, The Amazon’s Vicious Cycles (Gland, Switzerland: WWF International, 2007); USDA, op. cit. note 7.
16. Financial Times, “In Depth: The Global Food Crisis,” at www.ft.com/foodprices, updated 6 May 2008; USDA, op. cit. note 7.
17. Office of the President, Republic of the Philippines, “RP Assured of 1.5 Million Metric Tons of Rice Supply from Vietnam Annually,” press release (Manila: 26 March 2008); “Yemen to Seek Australian Food Cooperation,”WorldGrain.com, 19 May 2008; “Indonesia Set to Become Major Rice Exporter Next Year,” WorldGrain.com, 1 July 2008; “Bahrain to Own Rice Farms in Thailand,” TradeArabia News Service, 30 May 2008; Javier Blas, “Nations Make Secret Deals Over Grain,” Financial Times, 10 April 2008; Maria Kolesnikova and Alaa Shahine, “Russia, Egypt Agree on Wheat Deals to Boost Shipments,” Bloomberg, 23 June 2009.
18. GRAIN, Seized! The 2008 Land Grab for Food and Financial Security (Barcelona: October 2008); USDA, op. cit. note 7; Olivier De Schutter, “Large-Scale Land Acquisitions and Leases: A Set of Core Principles and Measures to Address the Human Rights Challenge,” briefing note (Geneva: U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 11 June 2009); Jarmo T. Kotilaine, GCC Agriculture: Bridging the Food Gap (Riyadh: NCB Capital, March 2010).
19. GRAIN, op. cit. note 18; John Vidal, “Fears for the World’s Poor Countries as the Rich Grab Land to Grow Food,”Guardian (London), 3 July 2009; ActionAid, “Biofuel Land Grabs Spell Disaster for Poor, Says ActionAid,” atwww.actionaid.org/pages.aspx, 1 April 2010.
20. GRAIN, op. cit. note 18; Joachim von Braun and Ruth Meinzen-Dick, “Land Grabbing” by Foreign Investors in Developing Countries, Policy Brief No. 13 (Washington, DC: IFPRI, April 2009); USDA, op. cit. note 7; Wendy Pugh, “Australian Wheat Sales to China Increase to Five-Year High, CBH Group Says,” Bloomberg, 22 July 2010; “Kazakhstan to Supply Wheat to China in March,” WorldGrain.com, 1 March 2010; Rod Nickel, “Canada to Double Wheat Sales to China,” Reuters, 5 July 2010; “China Purchases U.S. Corn,” WorldGrain.com, 29 April 2010.
21. GRAIN, op. cit. note 18; von Braun and Meinzen-Dick, op. cit. note 20; John Vidal, “How Food and Water are Driving a 21st-Century African Land Grab,” Observer (London), 7 March 2010; Shaimaa Fayed, “Sudan Eyes $6 Bln – $7 Bln Investment in 2010,” Reuters, 15 December 2009; Joanne Bladd, “ME’s Farmland Buys in Africa Seen as ‘a Win-Win Partnership’,” Arabian Business, 15 April 2010.
22. GRAIN, op. cit. note 18; von Braun and Meinzen-Dick, op. cit. note 20; Vidal, op. cit. note 21.
23. GRAIN, “The World Bank in the Hot Seat,” Against the Grain (4 May 2010); GRAIN, “Donors Open the Door for Land Grab in PNG,” at farmlandgrab.org/12716, 13 May 2010; Alexandra Spieldoch, Global Land Grab (Washington, DC: Foreign Policy in Focus, 18 June 2009); Vidal, op. cit. note 21; Jason McLure, “Ethiopian Farms Lure Investor Funds as Workers Live in Poverty,” Bloomberg, 31 December 2009; Friends of the Earth Africa and Friends of the Earth Europe,Africa: Up for Grabs—The Scale and Impact of Land Grabbing for Agrofuels (Brussels: Friends of the Earth Europe, August 2010), p. 6.
24. GRAIN, op. cit. note 18; “Land Deals in Africa and Asia: Cornering Foreign Fields,” The Economist, 21 May 2009; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Receives Minister of Commerce and Industry,” press release (Riyadh: 27 January 2009); “Saudi’s Hadco Eyes Sudan, Turkey in Food Security Push,” Reuters, 17 February 2009; WFP, “Countries,” at www.wfp.org, viewed 14 July 2010; UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) – Ethiopia, Humanitarian Requirements Document – 2010 (Addis Ababa: January 2010).
25. “Buying Farmland Abroad: Outsourcing’s Third Wave,” The Economist, 21 May 2009; Javier Blas, “Hyundai Plants Seoul’s Flag on 50,000ha of Russia,” Financial Times, 15 April 2009; Vidal, op. cit. note 21; European Commission, “Biofuels and Other Renewable Energy in the Transport Sector,” atec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/biofuels/biofuels_en.htm, updated 11 January 2010.
26. von Braun and Meinzen-Dick, op. cit. note 20; USDA, op. cit. note 7; U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 6; “China ‘May Lease Foreign Fields’,” BBC News, 29 April 2008; Gurbir Singh, “China is Buying Farm Lands Abroad to Ensure Food Supplies at Home,” Business World (New Delhi), 16 May 2008; “China Eyes Russian Farmlands in Food Push,”Russia Today (Moscow), 11 May 2008; GRAIN, op. cit. note 18; “Govt to Lease Land for FDI in Agriculture,” Myanmar Times, 11–17 September 2006; WFP, op. cit. note 24.
27. USDA, op. cit. note 7; “Buying Farmland Abroad,” op. cit. note 25; Vidal, op. cit. note 21; “Saudis Invest $1.3 Billion in Indonesian Agriculture,” Reuters, 24 March 2009; GRAIN, op. cit. note 18.
28. USDA, op. cit. note 7.
29. World Bank, Rising Global Interest in Farmland: Can It Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits? (Washington, DC: September 2010), pp. xii, 12–14, 48, 71; James K. A. Benhin, “Agriculture and Deforestation in the Tropics: A Critical Theoretical and Empirical Review,” Ambio, vol. 35, no. 1 (February 2006), pp. 9–16.
30. Vidal, op. cit. note 21.
31. “Memorandum of Understanding on Construction of Agriculture Technology Transfer Center and Grain Production and Processing Base in the Philippines,” available atwww.newsbreak.com.ph/dmdocuments/special%20coverages/China%20Agri/Fuhua%20MOU.pdf, signed 15 January 2007; “China: ‘Going Outward’ for Food Security,” Stratfor, 30 April 2008; Luzi Ann Javier, “China’s Appetite for Filipino Paddies Breeds Farmer Opposition,” Bloomberg, 21 February 2008; Tom Burgis and Javier Blas, “Madagascar Scraps Daewoo Farm Deal,” Financial Times, 18 March 2009.
32. World Bank, op. cit. note 29, pp. vi, 3, 35, 36.
33. Ibid., pp. 35, 36; investment estimate from “The Great Land Grab: A Rush for Food Security and Profits,” UNCCD News, Issue 2.3 (May–June 2010), pp. 2–8.
34. Vidal, op. cit. note 21.
35. Oil price projections from International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2009 (Paris: 2009), pp. 64–66.
36. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, op. cit. note 24; “Hyundai Heavy Reaps Corns, Soybeans at its Russian Farmland,” Yonhap News Agency, 15 April 2010; Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., “Hyundai Heavy Harvests Beans and Corns from its Russian Farm,” press release (Ulsan, Republic of Korea: 16 April 2010); Julie Zaugg, “Ethiopia. Now is Harvest Time,” L’Hebdo (Switzerland), 3 September 2009.
37. Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, “The Failed States Index,” Foreign Policy, July/August 2010, pp. 74–105.
38. FAO et al., Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment that Respects Rights, Livelihoods and Resources, discussion note (Washington, DC: 25 January 2010).
39. GRAIN, “Global Uprising Against Land Grabbing,” at http://www.grain.org, 22 April 2010; GRAIN, “Stop Land Grabbing Now,” at http://www.grain.org, 22 April 2010.
Copyright © 2011 Earth Policy Institute
1. U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), “Soaring Food Prices: Facts, Perspectives, Impacts, and Actions Required,” paper presented at the High-Level Conference on World Food Security: The Challenges of Climate Change and Bioenergy, Rome, 3–5 June 2008; historical wheat, rice, corn, and soybean prices are Chicago Board of Trade futures data from TFC Commodity Charts, “Grain & Oilseed Commodities Futures,” atfutures.tradingcharts.com/grains_oilseeds.html, viewed 21 July 2010; Ian MacKinnon, “Farmers Fall Prey to Rice Rustlers as Price of Staple Crop Rockets,” Guardian (London), 31 March 2008.
2. Daniel Ten Kate, “Grain Prices Soar Globally,” Christian Science Monitor, 27 March 2008; U.N. World Food Programme (WFP), “Countries: Sudan,” www.wfp.org/countries/sudan, viewed 26 July 2010; Nadeem Sarwar, “Pakistan’s Poor, Musharraf Reeling Under Wheat Crisis,” Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 14 January 2008; Keith Bradsher, “High Rice Cost Creating Fears of Asian Unrest,” New York Times, 29 March 2008; Kamran Haider, “Pakistani Troops Escort Wheat Trucks to Stop Theft,” Reuters, 13 January 2008; Khalid Qayum, “Pakistan Wheat Output May Miss Target, Fuelling Rally,”Bloomberg, 8 April 2008; Kent Garber, “How Countries Worsen the Food Price Crisis,” U.S. News and World Report, 9 April 2008.
3. Adam Morrow and Khaled Moussa Al-Omrani, “Egypt: Rising Food Costs Provoke Fights Over Subsidised Bread,” Inter Press Service, 26 March 2008; Ellen Knickmeyer, “Egypt’s President Urges Family Planning,” Washington Post, 11 June 2008; Robert F. Worth, “Rising Inflation Creates Unease in Middle East,” New York Times, 25 February 2008; Julian Borger, “Feed the World? We are Fighting a Losing Battle UN Admits,” Guardian (London), 26 February 2008; Tansa Musa, “Hungry Crowds Spell Trouble for World Leaders,” Reuters, 2 April 2008; “Clashes Over Food Prices Trouble Political Leaders,” Reuters, 2 April 2008; Bradsher, op. cit. note 2; Joseph Guyler Delva, “Four Killed as Haitians Riot Over Prices,” Reuters, 5 April 2008; Peter Apps, “Soaring Food Prices Raise Investment Risk,” Reuters, 14 April 2008; Joseph Guyler Delva and Jim Loney, “Haiti’s Government Falls after Food Riots,” Reuters, 12 April 2008.
4. Chicago Board of Trade futures data from TFC Commodity Charts, op. cit. note 1; FAO, Crop Prospects and Food Situation, no. 2 (Rome: April 2008); Javier Blas, “UN Pleads for $500m to Avoid Food Crisis,” Financial Times, 24 March 2008; Celia W. Dugger, “As Prices Soar, U.S. Food Aid Buys Less,” New York Times, 29 September 2007; WFP, “Our Work: Operations List,” at www.wfp.org/operations, viewed 9 June 2009; Edith M. Lederer, “U.N.: Hunger Kills 18,000 Kids Each Day,” Associated Press, 17 February 2007.
5. FAO, op. cit. note 1; Lester R. Brown, Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001), pp. 145–46; Fred H. Sanderson, “The Great Food Fumble,” Science, vol. 188 (9 May 1975), pp. 503–09; U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Agricultural Statistics Service, “Crop Production,” news release (Washington, DC: 12 August 2005).
6. U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Population Database, at esa.un.org/unpp, updated 11 March 2009.
7. USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, electronic database, at www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline, updated 9 July 2010; U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 6.
8. USDA, op. cit. note 7; F.O. Licht, “Too Much Too Soon? World Ethanol Production to Break Another Record in 2005,”World Ethanol and Biofuels Report, vol. 3, no. 20 (21 June 2005), pp. 429–35; U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, “World Crude Oil Prices” and “U.S. All Grades All Formulations Retail Gasoline Prices,” attonto.eia.doe.gov, viewed 31 July 2007; Lester R. Brown, “Distillery Demand for Grain to Fuel Cars Vastly Understated: World May Be Facing Highest Grain Prices in History,” Plan B Update (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 4 January 2007).
9. USDA, op. cit. note 7; USDA, Feed Grains Database, electronic database, at www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FeedGrains, updated 14 July 2010.
10. Miguel Robles, Maximo Torero, and Joachim von Braun, When Speculation Matters, Issue Brief No. 57 (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), February 2009).
11. Lester R. Brown, “Paving the Planet: Cars and Crops Competing for Land,” Eco-Economy Update (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 14 February 2001).
12. Patricia Jiayi Ho, “China Passes U.S. as World’s Top Car Market,” Wall Street Journal, 12 January 2010; U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 6; 2009 U.S. and world vehicle fleet size from Ward’s Automotive Group, “Vehicles in Operation by Country,” table from Lisa Williamson, e-mail to Alexandra Giese, Earth Policy Institute, 24 September 2010; paved land needed to accommodate 1 billion cars in China calculated by Earth Policy Institute using conservative estimate of 0.02 hectares per car, based on denser development typical of Japan and Europe—details available in Brown, op. cit. note 11; rice area from USDA, op. cit. note 7.
13. USDA, op. cit. note 7.
14. Ping-Ti Ho, “The Loess and the Origin of Chinese Agriculture,” The American Historical Review, vol. 75, no. 1 (October 1969), pp. 1–36; USDA, op. cit. note 7.
15. USDA, Foreign Agricultural Service, The Amazon: Brazil’s Final Soybean Frontier (Washington, DC: January 2004); Philip Fearnside, quoted in Steve Connor, “How a Century of Destruction Has Laid Bare the World’s Rainforests,”Independent (London), 10 July 2004; Daniel Nepstad, The Amazon’s Vicious Cycles (Gland, Switzerland: WWF International, 2007); USDA, op. cit. note 7.
16. Financial Times, “In Depth: The Global Food Crisis,” at www.ft.com/foodprices, updated 6 May 2008; USDA, op. cit. note 7.
17. Office of the President, Republic of the Philippines, “RP Assured of 1.5 Million Metric Tons of Rice Supply from Vietnam Annually,” press release (Manila: 26 March 2008); “Yemen to Seek Australian Food Cooperation,”WorldGrain.com, 19 May 2008; “Indonesia Set to Become Major Rice Exporter Next Year,” WorldGrain.com, 1 July 2008; “Bahrain to Own Rice Farms in Thailand,” TradeArabia News Service, 30 May 2008; Javier Blas, “Nations Make Secret Deals Over Grain,” Financial Times, 10 April 2008; Maria Kolesnikova and Alaa Shahine, “Russia, Egypt Agree on Wheat Deals to Boost Shipments,” Bloomberg, 23 June 2009.
18. GRAIN, Seized! The 2008 Land Grab for Food and Financial Security (Barcelona: October 2008); USDA, op. cit. note 7; Olivier De Schutter, “Large-Scale Land Acquisitions and Leases: A Set of Core Principles and Measures to Address the Human Rights Challenge,” briefing note (Geneva: U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 11 June 2009); Jarmo T. Kotilaine, GCC Agriculture: Bridging the Food Gap (Riyadh: NCB Capital, March 2010).
19. GRAIN, op. cit. note 18; John Vidal, “Fears for the World’s Poor Countries as the Rich Grab Land to Grow Food,”Guardian (London), 3 July 2009; ActionAid, “Biofuel Land Grabs Spell Disaster for Poor, Says ActionAid,” atwww.actionaid.org/pages.aspx, 1 April 2010.
20. GRAIN, op. cit. note 18; Joachim von Braun and Ruth Meinzen-Dick, “Land Grabbing” by Foreign Investors in Developing Countries, Policy Brief No. 13 (Washington, DC: IFPRI, April 2009); USDA, op. cit. note 7; Wendy Pugh, “Australian Wheat Sales to China Increase to Five-Year High, CBH Group Says,” Bloomberg, 22 July 2010; “Kazakhstan to Supply Wheat to China in March,” WorldGrain.com, 1 March 2010; Rod Nickel, “Canada to Double Wheat Sales to China,” Reuters, 5 July 2010; “China Purchases U.S. Corn,” WorldGrain.com, 29 April 2010.
21. GRAIN, op. cit. note 18; von Braun and Meinzen-Dick, op. cit. note 20; John Vidal, “How Food and Water are Driving a 21st-Century African Land Grab,” Observer (London), 7 March 2010; Shaimaa Fayed, “Sudan Eyes $6 Bln – $7 Bln Investment in 2010,” Reuters, 15 December 2009; Joanne Bladd, “ME’s Farmland Buys in Africa Seen as ‘a Win-Win Partnership’,” Arabian Business, 15 April 2010.
22. GRAIN, op. cit. note 18; von Braun and Meinzen-Dick, op. cit. note 20; Vidal, op. cit. note 21.
23. GRAIN, “The World Bank in the Hot Seat,” Against the Grain (4 May 2010); GRAIN, “Donors Open the Door for Land Grab in PNG,” at farmlandgrab.org/12716, 13 May 2010; Alexandra Spieldoch, Global Land Grab (Washington, DC: Foreign Policy in Focus, 18 June 2009); Vidal, op. cit. note 21; Jason McLure, “Ethiopian Farms Lure Investor Funds as Workers Live in Poverty,” Bloomberg, 31 December 2009; Friends of the Earth Africa and Friends of the Earth Europe,Africa: Up for Grabs—The Scale and Impact of Land Grabbing for Agrofuels (Brussels: Friends of the Earth Europe, August 2010), p. 6.
24. GRAIN, op. cit. note 18; “Land Deals in Africa and Asia: Cornering Foreign Fields,” The Economist, 21 May 2009; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Receives Minister of Commerce and Industry,” press release (Riyadh: 27 January 2009); “Saudi’s Hadco Eyes Sudan, Turkey in Food Security Push,” Reuters, 17 February 2009; WFP, “Countries,” at www.wfp.org, viewed 14 July 2010; UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) – Ethiopia, Humanitarian Requirements Document – 2010 (Addis Ababa: January 2010).
25. “Buying Farmland Abroad: Outsourcing’s Third Wave,” The Economist, 21 May 2009; Javier Blas, “Hyundai Plants Seoul’s Flag on 50,000ha of Russia,” Financial Times, 15 April 2009; Vidal, op. cit. note 21; European Commission, “Biofuels and Other Renewable Energy in the Transport Sector,” atec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/biofuels/biofuels_en.htm, updated 11 January 2010.
26. von Braun and Meinzen-Dick, op. cit. note 20; USDA, op. cit. note 7; U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 6; “China ‘May Lease Foreign Fields’,” BBC News, 29 April 2008; Gurbir Singh, “China is Buying Farm Lands Abroad to Ensure Food Supplies at Home,” Business World (New Delhi), 16 May 2008; “China Eyes Russian Farmlands in Food Push,”Russia Today (Moscow), 11 May 2008; GRAIN, op. cit. note 18; “Govt to Lease Land for FDI in Agriculture,” Myanmar Times, 11–17 September 2006; WFP, op. cit. note 24.
27. USDA, op. cit. note 7; “Buying Farmland Abroad,” op. cit. note 25; Vidal, op. cit. note 21; “Saudis Invest $1.3 Billion in Indonesian Agriculture,” Reuters, 24 March 2009; GRAIN, op. cit. note 18.
28. USDA, op. cit. note 7.
29. World Bank, Rising Global Interest in Farmland: Can It Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits? (Washington, DC: September 2010), pp. xii, 12–14, 48, 71; James K. A. Benhin, “Agriculture and Deforestation in the Tropics: A Critical Theoretical and Empirical Review,” Ambio, vol. 35, no. 1 (February 2006), pp. 9–16.
30. Vidal, op. cit. note 21.
31. “Memorandum of Understanding on Construction of Agriculture Technology Transfer Center and Grain Production and Processing Base in the Philippines,” available atwww.newsbreak.com.ph/dmdocuments/special%20coverages/China%20Agri/Fuhua%20MOU.pdf, signed 15 January 2007; “China: ‘Going Outward’ for Food Security,” Stratfor, 30 April 2008; Luzi Ann Javier, “China’s Appetite for Filipino Paddies Breeds Farmer Opposition,” Bloomberg, 21 February 2008; Tom Burgis and Javier Blas, “Madagascar Scraps Daewoo Farm Deal,” Financial Times, 18 March 2009.
32. World Bank, op. cit. note 29, pp. vi, 3, 35, 36.
33. Ibid., pp. 35, 36; investment estimate from “The Great Land Grab: A Rush for Food Security and Profits,” UNCCD News, Issue 2.3 (May–June 2010), pp. 2–8.
34. Vidal, op. cit. note 21.
35. Oil price projections from International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2009 (Paris: 2009), pp. 64–66.
36. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, op. cit. note 24; “Hyundai Heavy Reaps Corns, Soybeans at its Russian Farmland,” Yonhap News Agency, 15 April 2010; Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., “Hyundai Heavy Harvests Beans and Corns from its Russian Farm,” press release (Ulsan, Republic of Korea: 16 April 2010); Julie Zaugg, “Ethiopia. Now is Harvest Time,” L’Hebdo (Switzerland), 3 September 2009.
37. Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, “The Failed States Index,” Foreign Policy, July/August 2010, pp. 74–105.
38. FAO et al., Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment that Respects Rights, Livelihoods and Resources, discussion note (Washington, DC: 25 January 2010).
39. GRAIN, “Global Uprising Against Land Grabbing,” at http://www.grain.org, 22 April 2010; GRAIN, “Stop Land Grabbing Now,” at http://www.grain.org, 22 April 2010.
Copyright © 2011 Earth Policy Institute
