4. Η άνοδος της θερμοκρασίας, η τήξη των πάγων και η εξασφάλιση
των τροφίμων
CHAPTER 4
1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), “Ice Island Calves Off Petermann Glacier,” Earth Observatory, 13 August 2010; Randy Boswell, “Federal Service Tracking Gigantic Ice Island Adrift in Arctic,” Montreal Gazette, 7 October 2010; “Greenland Glacier Calves Island Four Times the Size of Manhattan, UD Scientist Reports,” University of Delaware U Daily, 6 August 2010.
2. Paul Brown, “Melting Ice Cap Triggering Earthquakes,” Guardian (London), 8 September 2007.
3. Louise Gray, “Ice Sheet in Greenland Melting at Record Rate,” Daily Telegraph (London), 13 August 2010.
4. Jeff Masters, “Paula Dying; Zambia Records its Hottest Temperature in History,” Dr. Jeff Masters’ WunderBlog, Weather Underground, at www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters, 15 October 2010; Government of Pakistan, Pakistan Meteorological Department, “Record Breaking Heat in Pakistan,” press release (Islamabad: 26 May 2010); John Vidal, “World Feeling the Heat as 17 Countries Experience Record Temperatures,” Poverty Matters,blog, at guardian.co.uk,12 August 2010.
5. Christopher C. Burt, “The Remarkable Summer of 2010,” Weather Extremes Blog, Weather Underground, atwww.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian, 22 September 2010; Bob Pool and Rong-Gong Lin II, “L.A.’s Hottest Day Ever,” Los Angeles Times, 27 September 2010; Jeff Masters, “TD 16 Organizing; Mexican Landslide Kills Hundreds; Hottest Day Ever in Los Angeles,” Dr. Jeff Masters’ WunderBlog, Weather Underground, atwww.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters, 28 September 2010; Gerald A. Meehl et al., “Relative Increase of Record High Maximum Temperatures Compared to Record Low Minimum Temperatures in the U.S.,” Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 36 (1 December 2009).
6. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contributionof Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 749–51; Jay Gulledge, “Climate Risks: Lessons from 2010’s Extreme Weather,” Climate Compass: The Blog of the Pew Center on Global Climate Change, at www.pewclimate.org/blog, 23 August 2010; James Hansen, “How Warm Was This Summer?” atwww.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/2010/20101001_SummerTemperatures.pdf, 1 October 2010.
7. NASA, Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), “Global Land-Ocean Temperature Index in 0.01 Degrees Celsius,” at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata/GLB.Ts+dSST.txt, updated September 2010; Amy Heinzerling, “Past Decade the Hottest on Record,” Eco-Economy Indicator (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 14 January 2010); Cecilia Bitz, “Polar Amplification,” Real Climate, blog, at www.realclimate.org, 2 January 2006; IPCC, op. cit. note 6, p. 237.
8. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, “GFDL Climate Modeling Research Highlights,” at www.gfdl.noaa.gov/cms-filesystem-action?file=user_files/kd/pdf/gfdlhighlight_vol1n5.pdf, updated 15 October 2008; Oregon State University, “Abrupt Global Warming Could Shift Monsoon Patterns, Hurt Agriculture,” Science Daily, 14 June 2009; IPCC, op. cit. note 6, p. 238.
9. John E. Sheehy, International Rice Research Institute, e-mail to Janet Larsen, Earth Policy Institute, 1 October 2002; Shaobing Peng et al., “Rice Yields Decline with Higher Night Temperatures from Global Warming,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 101, no. 27 (6 July 2004), pp. 9,971–75; David B. Lobell and Christopher B. Field, “Global Scale Climate-Crop Yield Relationships and the Impacts of Recent Warming,” Environmental Research Letters, vol. 2, no. 1 (16 March 2007); U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP), “Climate Change: Billions Across the Tropics Face Hunger and Starvation as Big Drop in Crop Yields Forecast,” press release (Nairobi: 8 November 2001); Liangzhi You et al., “Impact of Growing Season Temperature on Wheat Productivity in China,” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol. 146, no. 6–7 (15 June 2009), pp. 1,009–14.
10. Mohan K. Wali et al., “Assessing Terrestrial Ecosystem Sustainability,” Nature & Resources, vol. 35, part 4 (October–December 1999), pp. 21–33.
11. Sheehy, op. cit. note 9; Pedro Sanchez, “The Climate Change–Soil Fertility–Food Security Nexus,” presented at Sustainable Food Security for All by 2020, Bonn, Germany, 4–6 September 2001.
12. I. Velicogna, “Increasing Rates of Ice Mass Loss from the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets Revealed by GRACE,”Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 36 (13 October 2009); Göran Ekström, Meredith Nettles, and Victor C. Tsai, “Seasonality and Increasing Frequency of Greenland Glacial Earthquakes,” Science, vol. 311 (24 March 2006), pp. 1,756–58.
13. Velicogna, op. cit. note 12; “Giant Antarctic Ice Shelves Shatter and Break Away,” Environment News Service, 19 March 2002; National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), “Larsen B Ice Shelf Collapses in Antarctica,” atnsidc.org/news/press/larsen_B/2002.html, 21 March 2002; NASA, “Rapid Sea Ice Breakup along the Ronne-Filchner Ice Shelf,” Earth Observatory, 22 January 2010; UNEP, Global Outlook for Ice and Snow (Nairobi: 2007), p. 103.
14. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, Impacts of a Warming Arctic (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 22; NASA GISS, “GISS Surface Temperature Analysis: Global Maps, 1950–2010,” atdata.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps, updated 9 July 2010.
15. Josefino C. Comiso et al., “Accelerated Decline in the Arctic Sea Ice Cover,” Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 35 (3 January 2008); “Summer Sea Ice Likely to Disappear in the Arctic by 2015,” Mongabay.com, 31 August 2009; NSIDC, “Processes: Thermodynamics: Albedo,” at nsidc.org/seaice/processes/albedo.html, viewed 22 July 2010.
16. James A. Screen and Ian Simmonds, “The Central Role of Diminishing Sea Ice in Recent Arctic Temperature Amplification,” Nature, vol. 464 (29 April 2010), pp. 1,334–37; W. T. Pfeffer, J. T. Harper, and S. O’Neel, “Kinematic Constraints on Glacier Contributions to 21st-Century Sea-Level Rise,” Science, vol. 321 (5 September 2008), pp. 1340–43; IPCC, op. cit. note 6, p. 7.
17. World Bank, World Development Report 1999/2000 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 100; U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Population Database, at esa.un.org/unpp, updated 11 March 2009; IPCC, Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 485; U.N. Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report 2007/2008: Fighting Climate Change (New York: 2007), p. 100; U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Production, Supply and Distribution, electronic database, at www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline, updated 11 May 2010.
18. USDA, op. cit. note 17.
19. Number of glaciers, defined as bodies of ice exceeding 100,000 square meters, in Stephen Saunders, Tom Easley, and Theo Spencer, Glacier National Park in Peril: The Threats of Climate Disruption (Louisville, CO, and New York: Rocky Mountain Climate Organization and Natural Resources Defense Council, April 2010), pp. 10–12.
20. L. G. Thompson et al., “Glacier Loss on Kilimanjaro Continues Unabated,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 106, no. 47 (24 November 2009), pp. 19,770–75; Lonnie Thompson, Ohio State University, e-mail to author, 21 October 2009.
21. World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS), “Preliminary Glacier Mass Balance Data, 2007/2008,” atwww.geo.uzh.ch/wgms/mbb/sum08.html, updated 9 February 2010; Wilfried Haeberli et al., Fluctuations of Glaciers 2000–2005 Vol. IX (Zurich, Switzerland: WGMS, 2008); Tandong Yao et al., “Recent Glacial Retreat and Its Impact on Hydrological Processes on the Tibetan Plateau, China, and Surrounding Regions,” Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, vol. 39, no. 4 (2007), pp. 642–50.
22. UNEP, op. cit. note 13, pp. 130–31, 139–40; Upali A. Amarasinghe et al., Spatial Variation in Water Supply and Demand Across River Basins of India (Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2005), p. 8; Upali A. Amarasinghe et al., Water Supply, Water Demand and Agricultural Water Scarcity in China: A Basin Approach(Colombo, Sri Lanka: IWMI, 2005), p. 10; Lester R. Brown, “Melting Mountain Glaciers Will Shrink Grain Harvests in China and India,” Plan B Update (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 20 March 2008).
23. Brown, op. cit. note 22; USDA, op. cit. note 17.
24. Emily Wax, “A Sacred River Endangered by Global Warming,” Washington Post, 17 June 2007; Amarasinghe et al.,Spatial Variation in Water Supply and Demand, op. cit. note 22, p. 8; IUCN–The World Conservation Union et al., “Watersheds of the World Online,” Water Resources eAtlas, updated 2003, at www.wri.org/publication/watersheds-of-the-world.
25. “Glacier Study Reveals Chilling Prediction,” China Daily, 23 September 2004; Tandong Yao, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, e-mail to Alexandra Giese, Earth Policy Institute, 8 September 2010; “China Warns of ‘Ecological Catastrophe’ from Tibet’s Melting Glaciers,” Agence France-Presse, 5 October 2004.
26. IUCN, op. cit. note 24; Jian Xie et al., Addressing China’s Water Scarcity: Recommendations for Selected Water Resource Management Issues (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009), p. xx; “Yangtze River–Agriculture,” Encyclopedia Britannica, online encyclopedia, viewed 21 May 2010; USDA, op. cit. note 17; U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 17.
27. U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 17; Michael Ma, “Northern Cities Sinking as Water Table Falls,” South China Morning Post, 11 August 2001; Sanjay Pahuja et al., Deep Wells and Prudence: Towards Pragmatic Action for Addressing Groundwater Overexploitation in India (Washington, DC: World Bank, January 2010).
28. Lester R. Brown, “The Copenhagen Conference on Food Security,” Plan B Update (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 10 November 2009); “Nutrition,” table in UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children, Special Edition, Statistical Tables (New York: November 2009), p. 13.
29. Gino Casassa et al., “Detection of Changes in Glacial Run-Off in Alpine Basins: Examples from North America, the Alps, Central Asia and the Andes,” Hydrological Processes, vol. 23, issue 1 (2009), pp. 31–41.
30. James Painter, “Deglaciation in the Andean Region,” in UNDP, Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World, Human Development Report 2007/2008 Occasional Paper (New York: 2007), pp. 4, 8; Lonnie Thompson, “Receding Glaciers Erase Records of Climate History,” Science News, vol. 175, no. 4 (14 February 2009), p. 32.
31. “Climate Tipping Point Near Warn UN, World Bank,” Environment News Service, 23 February 2009; U.N. Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision Population Database, at esa.un.org/unpd/wup/unup, updated 2010; Blanca Rosales, “Peru: Water Isn’t for Everyone,” Inter Press Service, 18 April 2009; Painter, op. cit. note 30, p. 8.
32. Alvaro Soruco et al., “Glacier Decline Between 1963 and 2006 in the Cordillera Real, Bolivia,” Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 36 (11 February 2009); James Painter, “Huge Bolivian Glacier Disappears,” BBC News, 12 May 2009; Simon Romero, “Bolivia’s Only Ski Resort Is Facing a Snowless Future,” New York Times, 2 February 2007.
33. U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 17; U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Information Administration (EIA),International Energy Statistics, electronic database, at www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html, viewed 3 August 2010.
34. Michael Kiparsky and Peter H. Gleick, Climate Change and California Water Resources: A Survey and Summary of the Literature (Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute, 2003), pp. 9–11, 14–15; Timothy Cavagnaro et al., Climate Change: Challenges and Solutions for California Agricultural Landscapes (Sacramento, CA: California Climate Change Center, 2006), pp. 11, 34.
35. John Krist, “Water Issues Will Dominate California’s Agenda This Year,” Environmental News Network, 21 February 2003; Michael J. Scott et al., “Climate Change and Adaptation in Irrigated Agriculture–A Case Study of the Yakima River,” paper for Universities Council on Water Resources (UCOWR) and National Institutes for Water Resources Conference,Water Allocation: Economics and the Environment, Portland, OR, 20–22 July 2004; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, “Global Warming to Squeeze Western Mountains Dry by 2050,” press release (Richland, WA: 16 February 2004).
36. UNEP, op. cit. note 13, pp. 130–131; Mehrdad Khalili, “The Climate of Iran: North, South, Kavir (Desert), Mountains,”San’ate Hamlo Naql (March 1997), pp. 48–53.
37. Jamil Anderlini, “Chinese Inflation Spiking on Food Prices,” Financial Times, 14 November 2007; “China Intervenes in Commodity Prices,” Xinhua, 18 January 2008.
38. USDA, op. cit. note 17; U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 17.
39. “Cereal Offenders,” The Economist, 27 May 2008; Fred H. Sanderson, “The Great Food Fumble,” Science, vol. 188 (9 May 1975), pp. 503–09; U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities,” current and historical data tables, at www.ustreas.gov/tic/mfh.txt, updated 16 September 2010.
40. Coal from DOE, EIA, International Energy Outlook 2010 (Washington, DC: July 2010), p. 87. For a discussion of the renewable energy potential, see Chapter 9.
41. Sandra Postel, Pillar of Sand (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999), pp. 13–21.
Copyright © 2011 Earth Policy Institute
1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), “Ice Island Calves Off Petermann Glacier,” Earth Observatory, 13 August 2010; Randy Boswell, “Federal Service Tracking Gigantic Ice Island Adrift in Arctic,” Montreal Gazette, 7 October 2010; “Greenland Glacier Calves Island Four Times the Size of Manhattan, UD Scientist Reports,” University of Delaware U Daily, 6 August 2010.
2. Paul Brown, “Melting Ice Cap Triggering Earthquakes,” Guardian (London), 8 September 2007.
3. Louise Gray, “Ice Sheet in Greenland Melting at Record Rate,” Daily Telegraph (London), 13 August 2010.
4. Jeff Masters, “Paula Dying; Zambia Records its Hottest Temperature in History,” Dr. Jeff Masters’ WunderBlog, Weather Underground, at www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters, 15 October 2010; Government of Pakistan, Pakistan Meteorological Department, “Record Breaking Heat in Pakistan,” press release (Islamabad: 26 May 2010); John Vidal, “World Feeling the Heat as 17 Countries Experience Record Temperatures,” Poverty Matters,blog, at guardian.co.uk,12 August 2010.
5. Christopher C. Burt, “The Remarkable Summer of 2010,” Weather Extremes Blog, Weather Underground, atwww.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian, 22 September 2010; Bob Pool and Rong-Gong Lin II, “L.A.’s Hottest Day Ever,” Los Angeles Times, 27 September 2010; Jeff Masters, “TD 16 Organizing; Mexican Landslide Kills Hundreds; Hottest Day Ever in Los Angeles,” Dr. Jeff Masters’ WunderBlog, Weather Underground, atwww.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters, 28 September 2010; Gerald A. Meehl et al., “Relative Increase of Record High Maximum Temperatures Compared to Record Low Minimum Temperatures in the U.S.,” Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 36 (1 December 2009).
6. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contributionof Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 749–51; Jay Gulledge, “Climate Risks: Lessons from 2010’s Extreme Weather,” Climate Compass: The Blog of the Pew Center on Global Climate Change, at www.pewclimate.org/blog, 23 August 2010; James Hansen, “How Warm Was This Summer?” atwww.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/2010/20101001_SummerTemperatures.pdf, 1 October 2010.
7. NASA, Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), “Global Land-Ocean Temperature Index in 0.01 Degrees Celsius,” at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata/GLB.Ts+dSST.txt, updated September 2010; Amy Heinzerling, “Past Decade the Hottest on Record,” Eco-Economy Indicator (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 14 January 2010); Cecilia Bitz, “Polar Amplification,” Real Climate, blog, at www.realclimate.org, 2 January 2006; IPCC, op. cit. note 6, p. 237.
8. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, “GFDL Climate Modeling Research Highlights,” at www.gfdl.noaa.gov/cms-filesystem-action?file=user_files/kd/pdf/gfdlhighlight_vol1n5.pdf, updated 15 October 2008; Oregon State University, “Abrupt Global Warming Could Shift Monsoon Patterns, Hurt Agriculture,” Science Daily, 14 June 2009; IPCC, op. cit. note 6, p. 238.
9. John E. Sheehy, International Rice Research Institute, e-mail to Janet Larsen, Earth Policy Institute, 1 October 2002; Shaobing Peng et al., “Rice Yields Decline with Higher Night Temperatures from Global Warming,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 101, no. 27 (6 July 2004), pp. 9,971–75; David B. Lobell and Christopher B. Field, “Global Scale Climate-Crop Yield Relationships and the Impacts of Recent Warming,” Environmental Research Letters, vol. 2, no. 1 (16 March 2007); U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP), “Climate Change: Billions Across the Tropics Face Hunger and Starvation as Big Drop in Crop Yields Forecast,” press release (Nairobi: 8 November 2001); Liangzhi You et al., “Impact of Growing Season Temperature on Wheat Productivity in China,” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol. 146, no. 6–7 (15 June 2009), pp. 1,009–14.
10. Mohan K. Wali et al., “Assessing Terrestrial Ecosystem Sustainability,” Nature & Resources, vol. 35, part 4 (October–December 1999), pp. 21–33.
11. Sheehy, op. cit. note 9; Pedro Sanchez, “The Climate Change–Soil Fertility–Food Security Nexus,” presented at Sustainable Food Security for All by 2020, Bonn, Germany, 4–6 September 2001.
12. I. Velicogna, “Increasing Rates of Ice Mass Loss from the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets Revealed by GRACE,”Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 36 (13 October 2009); Göran Ekström, Meredith Nettles, and Victor C. Tsai, “Seasonality and Increasing Frequency of Greenland Glacial Earthquakes,” Science, vol. 311 (24 March 2006), pp. 1,756–58.
13. Velicogna, op. cit. note 12; “Giant Antarctic Ice Shelves Shatter and Break Away,” Environment News Service, 19 March 2002; National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), “Larsen B Ice Shelf Collapses in Antarctica,” atnsidc.org/news/press/larsen_B/2002.html, 21 March 2002; NASA, “Rapid Sea Ice Breakup along the Ronne-Filchner Ice Shelf,” Earth Observatory, 22 January 2010; UNEP, Global Outlook for Ice and Snow (Nairobi: 2007), p. 103.
14. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, Impacts of a Warming Arctic (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 22; NASA GISS, “GISS Surface Temperature Analysis: Global Maps, 1950–2010,” atdata.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps, updated 9 July 2010.
15. Josefino C. Comiso et al., “Accelerated Decline in the Arctic Sea Ice Cover,” Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 35 (3 January 2008); “Summer Sea Ice Likely to Disappear in the Arctic by 2015,” Mongabay.com, 31 August 2009; NSIDC, “Processes: Thermodynamics: Albedo,” at nsidc.org/seaice/processes/albedo.html, viewed 22 July 2010.
16. James A. Screen and Ian Simmonds, “The Central Role of Diminishing Sea Ice in Recent Arctic Temperature Amplification,” Nature, vol. 464 (29 April 2010), pp. 1,334–37; W. T. Pfeffer, J. T. Harper, and S. O’Neel, “Kinematic Constraints on Glacier Contributions to 21st-Century Sea-Level Rise,” Science, vol. 321 (5 September 2008), pp. 1340–43; IPCC, op. cit. note 6, p. 7.
17. World Bank, World Development Report 1999/2000 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 100; U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Population Database, at esa.un.org/unpp, updated 11 March 2009; IPCC, Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 485; U.N. Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report 2007/2008: Fighting Climate Change (New York: 2007), p. 100; U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Production, Supply and Distribution, electronic database, at www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline, updated 11 May 2010.
18. USDA, op. cit. note 17.
19. Number of glaciers, defined as bodies of ice exceeding 100,000 square meters, in Stephen Saunders, Tom Easley, and Theo Spencer, Glacier National Park in Peril: The Threats of Climate Disruption (Louisville, CO, and New York: Rocky Mountain Climate Organization and Natural Resources Defense Council, April 2010), pp. 10–12.
20. L. G. Thompson et al., “Glacier Loss on Kilimanjaro Continues Unabated,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 106, no. 47 (24 November 2009), pp. 19,770–75; Lonnie Thompson, Ohio State University, e-mail to author, 21 October 2009.
21. World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS), “Preliminary Glacier Mass Balance Data, 2007/2008,” atwww.geo.uzh.ch/wgms/mbb/sum08.html, updated 9 February 2010; Wilfried Haeberli et al., Fluctuations of Glaciers 2000–2005 Vol. IX (Zurich, Switzerland: WGMS, 2008); Tandong Yao et al., “Recent Glacial Retreat and Its Impact on Hydrological Processes on the Tibetan Plateau, China, and Surrounding Regions,” Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, vol. 39, no. 4 (2007), pp. 642–50.
22. UNEP, op. cit. note 13, pp. 130–31, 139–40; Upali A. Amarasinghe et al., Spatial Variation in Water Supply and Demand Across River Basins of India (Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2005), p. 8; Upali A. Amarasinghe et al., Water Supply, Water Demand and Agricultural Water Scarcity in China: A Basin Approach(Colombo, Sri Lanka: IWMI, 2005), p. 10; Lester R. Brown, “Melting Mountain Glaciers Will Shrink Grain Harvests in China and India,” Plan B Update (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 20 March 2008).
23. Brown, op. cit. note 22; USDA, op. cit. note 17.
24. Emily Wax, “A Sacred River Endangered by Global Warming,” Washington Post, 17 June 2007; Amarasinghe et al.,Spatial Variation in Water Supply and Demand, op. cit. note 22, p. 8; IUCN–The World Conservation Union et al., “Watersheds of the World Online,” Water Resources eAtlas, updated 2003, at www.wri.org/publication/watersheds-of-the-world.
25. “Glacier Study Reveals Chilling Prediction,” China Daily, 23 September 2004; Tandong Yao, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, e-mail to Alexandra Giese, Earth Policy Institute, 8 September 2010; “China Warns of ‘Ecological Catastrophe’ from Tibet’s Melting Glaciers,” Agence France-Presse, 5 October 2004.
26. IUCN, op. cit. note 24; Jian Xie et al., Addressing China’s Water Scarcity: Recommendations for Selected Water Resource Management Issues (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009), p. xx; “Yangtze River–Agriculture,” Encyclopedia Britannica, online encyclopedia, viewed 21 May 2010; USDA, op. cit. note 17; U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 17.
27. U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 17; Michael Ma, “Northern Cities Sinking as Water Table Falls,” South China Morning Post, 11 August 2001; Sanjay Pahuja et al., Deep Wells and Prudence: Towards Pragmatic Action for Addressing Groundwater Overexploitation in India (Washington, DC: World Bank, January 2010).
28. Lester R. Brown, “The Copenhagen Conference on Food Security,” Plan B Update (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 10 November 2009); “Nutrition,” table in UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children, Special Edition, Statistical Tables (New York: November 2009), p. 13.
29. Gino Casassa et al., “Detection of Changes in Glacial Run-Off in Alpine Basins: Examples from North America, the Alps, Central Asia and the Andes,” Hydrological Processes, vol. 23, issue 1 (2009), pp. 31–41.
30. James Painter, “Deglaciation in the Andean Region,” in UNDP, Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World, Human Development Report 2007/2008 Occasional Paper (New York: 2007), pp. 4, 8; Lonnie Thompson, “Receding Glaciers Erase Records of Climate History,” Science News, vol. 175, no. 4 (14 February 2009), p. 32.
31. “Climate Tipping Point Near Warn UN, World Bank,” Environment News Service, 23 February 2009; U.N. Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision Population Database, at esa.un.org/unpd/wup/unup, updated 2010; Blanca Rosales, “Peru: Water Isn’t for Everyone,” Inter Press Service, 18 April 2009; Painter, op. cit. note 30, p. 8.
32. Alvaro Soruco et al., “Glacier Decline Between 1963 and 2006 in the Cordillera Real, Bolivia,” Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 36 (11 February 2009); James Painter, “Huge Bolivian Glacier Disappears,” BBC News, 12 May 2009; Simon Romero, “Bolivia’s Only Ski Resort Is Facing a Snowless Future,” New York Times, 2 February 2007.
33. U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 17; U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Information Administration (EIA),International Energy Statistics, electronic database, at www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html, viewed 3 August 2010.
34. Michael Kiparsky and Peter H. Gleick, Climate Change and California Water Resources: A Survey and Summary of the Literature (Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute, 2003), pp. 9–11, 14–15; Timothy Cavagnaro et al., Climate Change: Challenges and Solutions for California Agricultural Landscapes (Sacramento, CA: California Climate Change Center, 2006), pp. 11, 34.
35. John Krist, “Water Issues Will Dominate California’s Agenda This Year,” Environmental News Network, 21 February 2003; Michael J. Scott et al., “Climate Change and Adaptation in Irrigated Agriculture–A Case Study of the Yakima River,” paper for Universities Council on Water Resources (UCOWR) and National Institutes for Water Resources Conference,Water Allocation: Economics and the Environment, Portland, OR, 20–22 July 2004; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, “Global Warming to Squeeze Western Mountains Dry by 2050,” press release (Richland, WA: 16 February 2004).
36. UNEP, op. cit. note 13, pp. 130–131; Mehrdad Khalili, “The Climate of Iran: North, South, Kavir (Desert), Mountains,”San’ate Hamlo Naql (March 1997), pp. 48–53.
37. Jamil Anderlini, “Chinese Inflation Spiking on Food Prices,” Financial Times, 14 November 2007; “China Intervenes in Commodity Prices,” Xinhua, 18 January 2008.
38. USDA, op. cit. note 17; U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 17.
39. “Cereal Offenders,” The Economist, 27 May 2008; Fred H. Sanderson, “The Great Food Fumble,” Science, vol. 188 (9 May 1975), pp. 503–09; U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities,” current and historical data tables, at www.ustreas.gov/tic/mfh.txt, updated 16 September 2010.
40. Coal from DOE, EIA, International Energy Outlook 2010 (Washington, DC: July 2010), p. 87. For a discussion of the renewable energy potential, see Chapter 9.
41. Sandra Postel, Pillar of Sand (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999), pp. 13–21.
Copyright © 2011 Earth Policy Institute