13. Η διάσωση του πολιτισμού
CHAPTER 13
1. Redefining Progress, “The Economists’ Statement on Climate Change,” atwww.rprogress.org/publications/1997/econstatement.htm, viewed 26 June 2008; N. Gregory Mankiw, “Gas Tax Now!”Fortune, 24 May 1999, pp. 60–64.
2. International Center for Technology Assessment (ICTA), The Real Cost of Gasoline: An Analysis of the Hidden External Costs Consumers Pay to Fuel Their Automobiles (Washington, DC: 1998); ICTA, Gasoline Cost Externalities Associated with Global Climate Change (Washington, DC: September 2004); ICTA, Gasoline Cost Externalities: Security and Protection Services (Washington, DC: January 2005); Terry Tamminen, Lives Per Gallon: The True Cost of Our Oil Addiction (Washington, DC: IslandPress, 2006), p. 60, adjusted to 2007 dollars with Bureau of Economic Analysis, “Table 3—Price Indices for Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Purchases,” GDP and Other Major Series, 1929–2007 (Washington, DC: August 2007); BP, BP Statistical Review of World Energy (London: June 2007); U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Information Administration (EIA), “Total Crude Oil and Petroleum Products,” attonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_psup_dc_nus_mbbl_a.htm, updated 26 November 2007; This Week in Petroleum(Washington, DC: various issues); DOE, EIA, “US Weekly Retail,” Retail Gasoline Historical Prices (Washington, DC: 4 October 2010).
3. Øystein Dahle, discussion with author, State of the World Conference, Aspen, CO, 22 July 2001.
4. Eric Pfanner, “Failure Brings Call for Tougher Standards: Accounting for Enron: Global Ripple Effects,” International Herald Tribune, 17 January 2002; share price data from www.Marketocracy.com, viewed 9 August 2007.
5. Total fossil fuel subsidies from Global Subsidies Initiative, Achieving the G-20 Call to Phase Out Subsidies to Fossil Fuels (Geneva: October 2009), p. 2; renewable energy subsidies from Bloomberg New Energy Finance, “Subsidies for Renewables, Biofuels Dwarfed by Supports for Fossil Fuels,” press release (London: 29 July 2010); 2009 consumption subsidies from Amos Bromhead, International Energy Agency (IEA), e-mails to and discussion with Alexandra Giese, Earth Policy Institute, 15 and 26 October 2010; IEA, World Energy Outlook 2010 (Paris: 9 November 2010).
6. Bromhead, op. cit. note 5; Sebastian Ebert et al., International Fuel Prices 2009 (Eschborn, Germany: GTZ Transport Policy Advisory Services, December 2009); IEA, “Oil Market Report,” at omrpublic.iea.org, viewed 18 October 2010; IEA, Office of the Chief Economist, Global Fossil Fuel Subsidies and the Impacts of Their Removal (Washington, DC: June 2010), p. 2.
7. Belgium, France, and Japan from Seth Dunn, “King Coal’s Weakening Grip on Power,” World Watch, September/October 1999, pp. 10–19; “EU Seeks to End Coal Subsidies by 2014,” EUbusiness, 20 July 2010; Tom Doggett, “Obama Budget Seeks to End Oil, Gas Subsidies,” Reuters, 1 February 2010; U.S. Office of Management and Budget, “Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2011,” atwww.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2011/assets/budget.pdf, viewed 4 October 2010; China, Indonesia, and Nigeria subsidy cuts from Gerhard P. Metschies, International Fuel Prices 2007 (Eschborn, Germany: GTZ Transport Policy Advisory Services, April 2007), p. 3; IEA, op. cit. note 5; p. 589; Philip Sanders, “Nigeria to End Fuel Subsidies by End of 2011 at the Latest, Aganga Says,” Bloomberg (3 September 2010).
8. Oil consumption and carbon dioxide emissions savings estimates compare the levels assumed with 2009-level subsidies persisting through 2020 to those with a complete subsidy phaseout by 2020, from Bromhead, op. cit. note 5, and from IEA, op. cit. note 5.
9. Military spending from Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Military Expenditure Database, electronic database at www.sipri.org, updated 2010; foreign assistance and diplomatic spending (including State Department operations, global health, obligation to the United Nations, disaster response, agricultural productivity, democracy promotion, and education) is from Office of the Director of U.S. Foreign Assistance, “International Affairs FY 2009 Budget,” fact sheet (Washington, DC: 4 February 2008).
10. Patrick Wintour and Julian Borger, “Brown Message to U.S.: It’s Time to Build, Not Destroy,” Guardian (London), 13 July 2007.
11. U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), Quadrennial Defense Review Report (Washington, DC: February 2010); Kurt M. Campbell et al., The Age of Consequences: The Foreign Policy and National Security Implications of Global Climate Change (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies and Center for a New American Security, November 2007); Deborah Zabarenko, “Environment Key to U.S. Security – Congress Briefing,” Scientific American, 22 September 2010; U.S. National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World (Washington, DC: November 2008).
12. DOD, Base Structure Report, Fiscal Year 2009 Baseline (Washington, DC: 2009), pp. 77–94.
13. “Coal Plants Cancelled in 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010,” in CoalSwarm, at www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Portal:Coal_Issues, viewed 27 September 2010; Coal Moratorium NOW!, “Progress Towards a Coal Moratorium: 59 Coal Plants Cancelled or Shelved in 2007,” press release (San Francisco: 17 January 2008); Michelle Nichols, “Gore Urges Civil Disobedience to Stop Coal Plants,” Reuters, 28 September 2008; Conrad Schneider and Jonathan Banks, The Toll from Coal: An Updated Assessment of Death and Disease from America’s Dirtiest Energy Source (Boston, MA: Clean Air Task Force, September 2010); DOD, “Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom U.S. Casualty Status,” at www.defense.gov/NEWS/casualty.pdf, updated 27 July 2010.
14. Ted Nace, “Ready to Rumble: A Global Movement is Bringing Down King Coal–One Power Plant at a Time,” Earth Island Journal, vol. 25 (summer 2010), pp. 34–39; Richard Conniff, “The Myth of Clean Coal,” Yale Environment 360, 3 June 2008; Daniel J. Weiss and Alexandra Kougentakis, “‘60 Minutes’ Confirms that the Clean Coal Smoke Screen Continues,” press release (Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, 27 April 2009); Opinion Research Corporation, A Post Fossil-Fuel America: Are Americans Ready to Make the Shift? (Princeton, NJ: October 2007); Sierra Club, “Stopping the Coal Rush,” online database, at www.sierraclub.org/environmentallaw/coal/plantlist.asp, accessed 15 September 2010; Kathleen Krust, Sierra Club, discussion with Jessie Robbins, Earth Policy Institute, 23 July 2009; Kathleen Krust, Sierra Club, e-mail to Alexandra Giese, Earth Policy Institute, 27 September 2010.
15. Timothy Gardner, “Florida Gov. Might Allow New Coal Power Plants,” Reuters, 4 October 2007; State of Florida Public Service Commission, “Florida Public Service Commission Denies Determination of Need for Proposed Power Plants in Glades County,” press release (Tallahassee, FL: 5 June 2007); Buck Parker, Earthjustice, letter to author, October 2007; Coal Moratorium NOW!, op. cit. note 13.
16. Michael Brune, “Carbon Principles: Another Nail in Coal’s Coffin,” The Panther (Rainforest Action Network), winter 2008; Citigroup, “Leading Wall Street Banks Establish the Carbon Principles,” press release (New York: 4 February 2008); Jeffrey Ball, “Wall Street Shows Skepticism Over Coal,” Wall Street Journal, 4 February 2008; Jeffrey Ball, “Bank of America Puts a Price on Carbon,” Wall Street Journal, 13 February 2008.
17. Kristen Lombardi, Coal Ash: The Hidden Story: How Industry and the EPA Failed to Stop a Growing Environmental Disaster (Washington, DC: Center for Public Integrity, 19 February 2009).
18. Ibid.; Dave Flessner, “TVA Cleans Up at Kingston Ash Spill Site,” Chattanooga Times Free Press, 11 June 2010.
19. Jeff Stant, In Harm’s Way: Lack of Federal Coal Ash Regulations Endangers Americans and Their Environment(Washington, DC, San Francisco, and Oakland, CA: Environmental Integrity Project, Earthjustice, and Sierra Club, 26 August 2010); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Coal Combustion Residuals – Proposed Rule,” atwww.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/industrial/special/fossil/ccr-rule/index.htm, viewed 27 September 2010; EPA, “EPA Announces Plans to Regulate Coal Ash / Agency Proposals would Address Risks of Unsafe Coal Ash Disposal, while Supporting Safe Forms of Beneficial Use,” press release (Washington, DC: 4 May 2010); John M. Broder, “New Rules Issued on Coal Air Pollution,” New York Times, 6 July 2010; Alan H. Lockwood et al., Coal’s Assault on Human Health (Washington, DC: Physicians for Social Responsibility, November 2009); Schneider and Banks, op. cit. note 13.
20. Rainforest Action Network, “Wall Street Backs Away from Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining,” press release (San Francisco: 11 August 2010); Chris Stratton and Brian K. Sullivan, “Massey Accident, Worst Since 1970, Claims 29 Miners (Update2),” Bloomberg, 10 April 2010.
21. Tennessee Valley Authority, “TVA to Idle Nine Coal-Fired Units,” press release (Knoxville, TN: 24 August 2010); Bruce Henderson, “Duke Considers Closing Old Coal Plants,” The Charlotte Observer, 2 September 2010; Progress Energy, “Progress Energy Carolinas Plans to Retire Remaining Unscrubbed Coal Plants in N.C.,” press release (Raleigh, NC: 1 December 2009); Exelon Corporation, “Exelon Power Seeks to Permanently Retire Four Units In Southeastern Pennsylvania,” press release (Kennett Square, PA: 2 December 2009); Xcel Energy, “Xcel Energy Recommends Clean Air Clean Jobs Plan,” press release (Denver, CO: 13 August 2010).
22. Wood Mackenzie, “Long-Term Viability of Many US Coal Plants at Risk,” press release (Houston, TX: 17 September 2010).
23. Noelle Straub and Peter Behr, “Energy Regulatory Chief Says New Coal, Nuclear Plants May Be Unnecessary,”Greenwire, 22 April 2009; James Hansen, “Why We Can’t Wait,” The Nation, 7 May 2007.
24. Mathias Bell, Rocky Mountain Institute, e-mail to Jessie Robbins, Earth Policy Institute, 30 June 2009; Natalie Mims, Mathias Bell, and Stephen Doig, Assessing the Electric Productivity Gap and the U.S. Efficiency Opportunity (Snowmass, CO: Rocky Mountain Institute, January 2009).
25. Coal from DOE, EIA, “Short Term Energy Outlook,” at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html, updated 8 September 2010, with adjustments for falling average heat content of U.S. coal from DOE, EIA, “Annual Energy Review: Thermal Conversion Factors,” at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/append_a.html, updated 19 August 2010; number of wind farms calculated from American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), Annual Wind Industry Report – Year Ending 2008 (Washington, DC: April 2009), pp. 21–25, from AWEA, AWEA Year End 2009 Market Report (Washington, DC: January 2010), pp. 5–15, and from AWEA, AWEA Mid-Year 2010 Market Report (Washington, DC: July 2010), pp. 8–10; total wind capacity additions calculated from Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), Global Wind 2009 Report (Brussels: 2010), p. 63; and from AWEA, Mid-Year 2010 Market Report, op. cit. this note, with number and generating capacity of new wind farms coming online in the second half of 2010 estimated by author.
26. Sierra Club, “Beyond Coal,” at http://www.sierraclub.org/coal, viewed 26 September 2010; Greenpeace International, “Quit Coal,” at http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/coal, viewed 26 September 2010; CoalSwarm, at coalswarm.org, viewed 26 September 2010; Nace, op. cit. note 14; Ted Nace, Climate Hope (San Francisco: CoalSwarm, 2010).
27. Henry Manczyk and Michael D. Leach, “Combined Heat and Power Generation and District Heating in Denmark: History, Goals, and Technology,” at http://www.energy.rochester.edu/dk/manczyk/denmark.pdf, viewed 26 September 2010; “New Zealand Issues Ten-Year Ban on New Thermal Power Plants,” Power Engineering, 11 October 2007; Elisabeth Rosenthal, “As Europe Kicks Coal, Hungarian Town Suffers,” New York Times, 15 September 2010; “Population by Year, Province and Territory,” Statistics Canada, at www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo02a-eng.htm, updated 29 September 2010; Government of Ontario, “Ontario’s Coal Phase Out Plan,” press release (Toronto: 3 September 2009); Ontario Clean Air Alliance, Finishing the Coal Phase Out: An Historic Opportunity for Climate Leadership, revised March 2010; Government of Scotland, “Target for Renewable Energy Now 80 Per Cent,” press release (Edinburgh: 23 September 2010); Daniel Fineren, “Scotland to Get 100 Pct Green Energy by 2025,” Reuters, 27 September 2010; Jad Mouawad, “Chinese Clean Coal Will Be Critical, a Report Says,” Green, blog, at NYTimes.com, 20 April 2009; Keith Bradsher, “China Leading Global Race to Make Clean Energy,” New York Times, 30 January 2010; GWEC, op. cit. note 25, p. 8.
28. U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP), Global Outlook for Ice and Snow (Nairobi: 2007), p. 103.
29. National Snow and Ice Data Center, “State of the Cryosphere: Is the Cryosphere Sending Signals about Climate Change?” at nsidc.org/sotc/iceshelves.html, updated 25 February 2010.
30. Surgeon General’s Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health, Smoking and Health (Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, 1964).
31. EPA, “Civil Enforcement: Coal-Fired Power Plant Enforcement Initiative,” athttp://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/cases/civil/caa/coal/index.html, updated 23 July 2010; EPA, “EPA Announces Plans,” op. cit. note 19; John M. Broder, “Departments to Toughen Standards for Mining,” New York Times, 11 June 2009; EPA, “EPA Issues Comprehensive Guidance to Protect Appalachian Communities From Harmful Environmental Impacts of Mountain Top Mining,” press release (Washington, DC: 1 April 2010); Ted Nace, “Stopping Coal in its Tracks,” Orion Magazine, January/February 2008; Western Resource Advocates, “Clean Energy Accomplishments,” athttp://www.westernresourceadvocates.org/energy/coal/cleanenergyaccomplishments.php, viewed 15 October 2010.
32. For information on mobilization, see Francis Walton, Miracle of World War II: How American Industry Made Victory Possible (New York: Macmillan, 1956).
33. Franklin Roosevelt, “State of the Union Address,” 6 January 1942, at http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/7-2-188/188-35.html.
34. Harold G. Vatter, The US Economy in World War II (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), p. 13; Alan L. Gropman, Mobilizing U.S. Industry in World War II (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, August 1996).
35. Vatter, op. cit. note 34; Gropman, op. cit. note 34.
36. Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time—Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 316; “Point Rationing Comes of Age,” Business Week, 19 February 1944; “War Production—The Job ‘That Couldn’t Be Done’,” Business Week, 5 May 1945; Donald M. Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy: The Story of American War Production (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1946), p. 243.
37. Goodwin, op. cit. note 36, p. 316.
38. Grey quoted in Walton, op. cit. note 32.
39. “Despite Dreams, Idle Auto Plants Stay that Way,” msnbc.com, 11 January 2010; David L. Lewis, “They May Save Our Honor, Our Hopes—and Our Necks,” Michigan History, September/October 1993; Harry Braun, The Phoenix Project: Shifting from Oil to Hydrogen with Wartime Speed, prepared for the Renewable Hydrogen Roundtable, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, 10–11 April 2003, pp. 3–4.
40. For discussion of earth restoration and basic social goals, see Chapters 10 and 11, as well as discussion in Lester R. Brown, Plan B 4.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2009). Table 13–1 from the following: universal primary education from UNESCO, Education For All Global Monitoring Report 2010: Reaching the Marginalized (Paris: 2010), pp. 119–31, and from Annababette Wils et al., Estimating the Costs of Achieving Education for All in Low-Income Countries, paper commissioned for the Education For All Global Monitoring Report 2010 (Paris:Education Policy and Data Center and UNESCO, December 2009); eradication of adult illiteracy is author’s estimate based on U.N. Commission on Population and Development, Thirty-sixth Session: Population, Education, and Development, press releases (New York: 31 March–4 April 2003); school lunch programs from U.N. World Food Programme, “Two Minutes to Learn About: School Meals,” fact sheet (Rome: updated May 2010); aid to women, infants, and preschool children is author’s estimate based on George McGovern, “Yes We CAN Feed the World’s Hungry,”Parade, 16 December 2001; universal reproductive health and family planning calculated by Earth Policy Institute based on U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA), Flow of Financial Resources for Assisting in the Implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, report for the U.N. Economic and Social Council Commission on Population and Development (New York: 21 January 2009), and on J. Joseph Speidel, University of California, San Francisco Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, discussion with and e-mail to Brigid Fitzgerald Reading, Earth Policy Institute, 8 October 2010, with cost of closing the condom gap estimated from Population Action International, “Why Condoms Count in the Era of HIV/AIDS,” fact sheet (Washington, DC: 2008), and from UNFPA, Donor Support for Contraceptives and Condoms for STI/HIV Prevention 2007 (New York: 2008); universal basic health care from Jeffrey D. Sachs and the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001); planting trees to reduce flooding and conserve soil from Lester R. Brown and Edward C. Wolf, “Reclaiming the Future,” in Lester R. Brown et al., State of the World 1988(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1988), p. 174, using data from U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),Fuelwood Supplies in the Developing Countries, Forestry Paper 42 (Rome: 1983), plus planting trees to sequester carbon from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change.Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 543, 559; protecting topsoil on cropland based on Brown and Wolf, op. cit. this note, p. 174, using data from FAO, op. cit. this note; restoring rangelands from UNEP, Status of Desertification and Implementation of the United Nations Plan of Action to Combat Desertification (Nairobi: 1991), pp. 73–92, with figures converted from 1990 to 2004 dollars using implicit price deflators from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, “Table C.1. GDP and Other Major NIPA Aggregates,” in Survey of Current Business, vol. 85, no. 9 (September 2005), p. D–48; restoring fisheries from Andrew Balmford et al., “The Worldwide Costs of Marine Protected Areas,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 101, no. 26 (29 June 2004), pp. 9,694–97; stabilizing water tables from author’s estimate; protecting biological diversity from World Parks Congress,Recommendations of the Vth IUCN World Parks Congress (Durban, South Africa: 2003), pp. 17–19, and from World Parks Congress, “The Durban Accord,” at http://www.iucn.org, viewed 19 October 2007; military expenditures from SIPRI, op. cit. note 9.
41. SIPRI, op. cit. note 9.
42. Susheela Singh et al., Adding it Up: The Costs and Benefits of Investing in Family Planning and Maternal and Newborn Health (Guttmacher Institute and UNFPA: New York, 2009), p. 4.
Copyright © 2011 Earth Policy Institute
1. Redefining Progress, “The Economists’ Statement on Climate Change,” atwww.rprogress.org/publications/1997/econstatement.htm, viewed 26 June 2008; N. Gregory Mankiw, “Gas Tax Now!”Fortune, 24 May 1999, pp. 60–64.
2. International Center for Technology Assessment (ICTA), The Real Cost of Gasoline: An Analysis of the Hidden External Costs Consumers Pay to Fuel Their Automobiles (Washington, DC: 1998); ICTA, Gasoline Cost Externalities Associated with Global Climate Change (Washington, DC: September 2004); ICTA, Gasoline Cost Externalities: Security and Protection Services (Washington, DC: January 2005); Terry Tamminen, Lives Per Gallon: The True Cost of Our Oil Addiction (Washington, DC: IslandPress, 2006), p. 60, adjusted to 2007 dollars with Bureau of Economic Analysis, “Table 3—Price Indices for Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Purchases,” GDP and Other Major Series, 1929–2007 (Washington, DC: August 2007); BP, BP Statistical Review of World Energy (London: June 2007); U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Information Administration (EIA), “Total Crude Oil and Petroleum Products,” attonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_psup_dc_nus_mbbl_a.htm, updated 26 November 2007; This Week in Petroleum(Washington, DC: various issues); DOE, EIA, “US Weekly Retail,” Retail Gasoline Historical Prices (Washington, DC: 4 October 2010).
3. Øystein Dahle, discussion with author, State of the World Conference, Aspen, CO, 22 July 2001.
4. Eric Pfanner, “Failure Brings Call for Tougher Standards: Accounting for Enron: Global Ripple Effects,” International Herald Tribune, 17 January 2002; share price data from www.Marketocracy.com, viewed 9 August 2007.
5. Total fossil fuel subsidies from Global Subsidies Initiative, Achieving the G-20 Call to Phase Out Subsidies to Fossil Fuels (Geneva: October 2009), p. 2; renewable energy subsidies from Bloomberg New Energy Finance, “Subsidies for Renewables, Biofuels Dwarfed by Supports for Fossil Fuels,” press release (London: 29 July 2010); 2009 consumption subsidies from Amos Bromhead, International Energy Agency (IEA), e-mails to and discussion with Alexandra Giese, Earth Policy Institute, 15 and 26 October 2010; IEA, World Energy Outlook 2010 (Paris: 9 November 2010).
6. Bromhead, op. cit. note 5; Sebastian Ebert et al., International Fuel Prices 2009 (Eschborn, Germany: GTZ Transport Policy Advisory Services, December 2009); IEA, “Oil Market Report,” at omrpublic.iea.org, viewed 18 October 2010; IEA, Office of the Chief Economist, Global Fossil Fuel Subsidies and the Impacts of Their Removal (Washington, DC: June 2010), p. 2.
7. Belgium, France, and Japan from Seth Dunn, “King Coal’s Weakening Grip on Power,” World Watch, September/October 1999, pp. 10–19; “EU Seeks to End Coal Subsidies by 2014,” EUbusiness, 20 July 2010; Tom Doggett, “Obama Budget Seeks to End Oil, Gas Subsidies,” Reuters, 1 February 2010; U.S. Office of Management and Budget, “Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2011,” atwww.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2011/assets/budget.pdf, viewed 4 October 2010; China, Indonesia, and Nigeria subsidy cuts from Gerhard P. Metschies, International Fuel Prices 2007 (Eschborn, Germany: GTZ Transport Policy Advisory Services, April 2007), p. 3; IEA, op. cit. note 5; p. 589; Philip Sanders, “Nigeria to End Fuel Subsidies by End of 2011 at the Latest, Aganga Says,” Bloomberg (3 September 2010).
8. Oil consumption and carbon dioxide emissions savings estimates compare the levels assumed with 2009-level subsidies persisting through 2020 to those with a complete subsidy phaseout by 2020, from Bromhead, op. cit. note 5, and from IEA, op. cit. note 5.
9. Military spending from Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Military Expenditure Database, electronic database at www.sipri.org, updated 2010; foreign assistance and diplomatic spending (including State Department operations, global health, obligation to the United Nations, disaster response, agricultural productivity, democracy promotion, and education) is from Office of the Director of U.S. Foreign Assistance, “International Affairs FY 2009 Budget,” fact sheet (Washington, DC: 4 February 2008).
10. Patrick Wintour and Julian Borger, “Brown Message to U.S.: It’s Time to Build, Not Destroy,” Guardian (London), 13 July 2007.
11. U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), Quadrennial Defense Review Report (Washington, DC: February 2010); Kurt M. Campbell et al., The Age of Consequences: The Foreign Policy and National Security Implications of Global Climate Change (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies and Center for a New American Security, November 2007); Deborah Zabarenko, “Environment Key to U.S. Security – Congress Briefing,” Scientific American, 22 September 2010; U.S. National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World (Washington, DC: November 2008).
12. DOD, Base Structure Report, Fiscal Year 2009 Baseline (Washington, DC: 2009), pp. 77–94.
13. “Coal Plants Cancelled in 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010,” in CoalSwarm, at www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Portal:Coal_Issues, viewed 27 September 2010; Coal Moratorium NOW!, “Progress Towards a Coal Moratorium: 59 Coal Plants Cancelled or Shelved in 2007,” press release (San Francisco: 17 January 2008); Michelle Nichols, “Gore Urges Civil Disobedience to Stop Coal Plants,” Reuters, 28 September 2008; Conrad Schneider and Jonathan Banks, The Toll from Coal: An Updated Assessment of Death and Disease from America’s Dirtiest Energy Source (Boston, MA: Clean Air Task Force, September 2010); DOD, “Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom U.S. Casualty Status,” at www.defense.gov/NEWS/casualty.pdf, updated 27 July 2010.
14. Ted Nace, “Ready to Rumble: A Global Movement is Bringing Down King Coal–One Power Plant at a Time,” Earth Island Journal, vol. 25 (summer 2010), pp. 34–39; Richard Conniff, “The Myth of Clean Coal,” Yale Environment 360, 3 June 2008; Daniel J. Weiss and Alexandra Kougentakis, “‘60 Minutes’ Confirms that the Clean Coal Smoke Screen Continues,” press release (Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, 27 April 2009); Opinion Research Corporation, A Post Fossil-Fuel America: Are Americans Ready to Make the Shift? (Princeton, NJ: October 2007); Sierra Club, “Stopping the Coal Rush,” online database, at www.sierraclub.org/environmentallaw/coal/plantlist.asp, accessed 15 September 2010; Kathleen Krust, Sierra Club, discussion with Jessie Robbins, Earth Policy Institute, 23 July 2009; Kathleen Krust, Sierra Club, e-mail to Alexandra Giese, Earth Policy Institute, 27 September 2010.
15. Timothy Gardner, “Florida Gov. Might Allow New Coal Power Plants,” Reuters, 4 October 2007; State of Florida Public Service Commission, “Florida Public Service Commission Denies Determination of Need for Proposed Power Plants in Glades County,” press release (Tallahassee, FL: 5 June 2007); Buck Parker, Earthjustice, letter to author, October 2007; Coal Moratorium NOW!, op. cit. note 13.
16. Michael Brune, “Carbon Principles: Another Nail in Coal’s Coffin,” The Panther (Rainforest Action Network), winter 2008; Citigroup, “Leading Wall Street Banks Establish the Carbon Principles,” press release (New York: 4 February 2008); Jeffrey Ball, “Wall Street Shows Skepticism Over Coal,” Wall Street Journal, 4 February 2008; Jeffrey Ball, “Bank of America Puts a Price on Carbon,” Wall Street Journal, 13 February 2008.
17. Kristen Lombardi, Coal Ash: The Hidden Story: How Industry and the EPA Failed to Stop a Growing Environmental Disaster (Washington, DC: Center for Public Integrity, 19 February 2009).
18. Ibid.; Dave Flessner, “TVA Cleans Up at Kingston Ash Spill Site,” Chattanooga Times Free Press, 11 June 2010.
19. Jeff Stant, In Harm’s Way: Lack of Federal Coal Ash Regulations Endangers Americans and Their Environment(Washington, DC, San Francisco, and Oakland, CA: Environmental Integrity Project, Earthjustice, and Sierra Club, 26 August 2010); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Coal Combustion Residuals – Proposed Rule,” atwww.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/industrial/special/fossil/ccr-rule/index.htm, viewed 27 September 2010; EPA, “EPA Announces Plans to Regulate Coal Ash / Agency Proposals would Address Risks of Unsafe Coal Ash Disposal, while Supporting Safe Forms of Beneficial Use,” press release (Washington, DC: 4 May 2010); John M. Broder, “New Rules Issued on Coal Air Pollution,” New York Times, 6 July 2010; Alan H. Lockwood et al., Coal’s Assault on Human Health (Washington, DC: Physicians for Social Responsibility, November 2009); Schneider and Banks, op. cit. note 13.
20. Rainforest Action Network, “Wall Street Backs Away from Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining,” press release (San Francisco: 11 August 2010); Chris Stratton and Brian K. Sullivan, “Massey Accident, Worst Since 1970, Claims 29 Miners (Update2),” Bloomberg, 10 April 2010.
21. Tennessee Valley Authority, “TVA to Idle Nine Coal-Fired Units,” press release (Knoxville, TN: 24 August 2010); Bruce Henderson, “Duke Considers Closing Old Coal Plants,” The Charlotte Observer, 2 September 2010; Progress Energy, “Progress Energy Carolinas Plans to Retire Remaining Unscrubbed Coal Plants in N.C.,” press release (Raleigh, NC: 1 December 2009); Exelon Corporation, “Exelon Power Seeks to Permanently Retire Four Units In Southeastern Pennsylvania,” press release (Kennett Square, PA: 2 December 2009); Xcel Energy, “Xcel Energy Recommends Clean Air Clean Jobs Plan,” press release (Denver, CO: 13 August 2010).
22. Wood Mackenzie, “Long-Term Viability of Many US Coal Plants at Risk,” press release (Houston, TX: 17 September 2010).
23. Noelle Straub and Peter Behr, “Energy Regulatory Chief Says New Coal, Nuclear Plants May Be Unnecessary,”Greenwire, 22 April 2009; James Hansen, “Why We Can’t Wait,” The Nation, 7 May 2007.
24. Mathias Bell, Rocky Mountain Institute, e-mail to Jessie Robbins, Earth Policy Institute, 30 June 2009; Natalie Mims, Mathias Bell, and Stephen Doig, Assessing the Electric Productivity Gap and the U.S. Efficiency Opportunity (Snowmass, CO: Rocky Mountain Institute, January 2009).
25. Coal from DOE, EIA, “Short Term Energy Outlook,” at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html, updated 8 September 2010, with adjustments for falling average heat content of U.S. coal from DOE, EIA, “Annual Energy Review: Thermal Conversion Factors,” at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/append_a.html, updated 19 August 2010; number of wind farms calculated from American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), Annual Wind Industry Report – Year Ending 2008 (Washington, DC: April 2009), pp. 21–25, from AWEA, AWEA Year End 2009 Market Report (Washington, DC: January 2010), pp. 5–15, and from AWEA, AWEA Mid-Year 2010 Market Report (Washington, DC: July 2010), pp. 8–10; total wind capacity additions calculated from Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), Global Wind 2009 Report (Brussels: 2010), p. 63; and from AWEA, Mid-Year 2010 Market Report, op. cit. this note, with number and generating capacity of new wind farms coming online in the second half of 2010 estimated by author.
26. Sierra Club, “Beyond Coal,” at http://www.sierraclub.org/coal, viewed 26 September 2010; Greenpeace International, “Quit Coal,” at http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/coal, viewed 26 September 2010; CoalSwarm, at coalswarm.org, viewed 26 September 2010; Nace, op. cit. note 14; Ted Nace, Climate Hope (San Francisco: CoalSwarm, 2010).
27. Henry Manczyk and Michael D. Leach, “Combined Heat and Power Generation and District Heating in Denmark: History, Goals, and Technology,” at http://www.energy.rochester.edu/dk/manczyk/denmark.pdf, viewed 26 September 2010; “New Zealand Issues Ten-Year Ban on New Thermal Power Plants,” Power Engineering, 11 October 2007; Elisabeth Rosenthal, “As Europe Kicks Coal, Hungarian Town Suffers,” New York Times, 15 September 2010; “Population by Year, Province and Territory,” Statistics Canada, at www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo02a-eng.htm, updated 29 September 2010; Government of Ontario, “Ontario’s Coal Phase Out Plan,” press release (Toronto: 3 September 2009); Ontario Clean Air Alliance, Finishing the Coal Phase Out: An Historic Opportunity for Climate Leadership, revised March 2010; Government of Scotland, “Target for Renewable Energy Now 80 Per Cent,” press release (Edinburgh: 23 September 2010); Daniel Fineren, “Scotland to Get 100 Pct Green Energy by 2025,” Reuters, 27 September 2010; Jad Mouawad, “Chinese Clean Coal Will Be Critical, a Report Says,” Green, blog, at NYTimes.com, 20 April 2009; Keith Bradsher, “China Leading Global Race to Make Clean Energy,” New York Times, 30 January 2010; GWEC, op. cit. note 25, p. 8.
28. U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP), Global Outlook for Ice and Snow (Nairobi: 2007), p. 103.
29. National Snow and Ice Data Center, “State of the Cryosphere: Is the Cryosphere Sending Signals about Climate Change?” at nsidc.org/sotc/iceshelves.html, updated 25 February 2010.
30. Surgeon General’s Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health, Smoking and Health (Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, 1964).
31. EPA, “Civil Enforcement: Coal-Fired Power Plant Enforcement Initiative,” athttp://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/cases/civil/caa/coal/index.html, updated 23 July 2010; EPA, “EPA Announces Plans,” op. cit. note 19; John M. Broder, “Departments to Toughen Standards for Mining,” New York Times, 11 June 2009; EPA, “EPA Issues Comprehensive Guidance to Protect Appalachian Communities From Harmful Environmental Impacts of Mountain Top Mining,” press release (Washington, DC: 1 April 2010); Ted Nace, “Stopping Coal in its Tracks,” Orion Magazine, January/February 2008; Western Resource Advocates, “Clean Energy Accomplishments,” athttp://www.westernresourceadvocates.org/energy/coal/cleanenergyaccomplishments.php, viewed 15 October 2010.
32. For information on mobilization, see Francis Walton, Miracle of World War II: How American Industry Made Victory Possible (New York: Macmillan, 1956).
33. Franklin Roosevelt, “State of the Union Address,” 6 January 1942, at http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/7-2-188/188-35.html.
34. Harold G. Vatter, The US Economy in World War II (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), p. 13; Alan L. Gropman, Mobilizing U.S. Industry in World War II (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, August 1996).
35. Vatter, op. cit. note 34; Gropman, op. cit. note 34.
36. Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time—Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 316; “Point Rationing Comes of Age,” Business Week, 19 February 1944; “War Production—The Job ‘That Couldn’t Be Done’,” Business Week, 5 May 1945; Donald M. Nelson, Arsenal of Democracy: The Story of American War Production (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1946), p. 243.
37. Goodwin, op. cit. note 36, p. 316.
38. Grey quoted in Walton, op. cit. note 32.
39. “Despite Dreams, Idle Auto Plants Stay that Way,” msnbc.com, 11 January 2010; David L. Lewis, “They May Save Our Honor, Our Hopes—and Our Necks,” Michigan History, September/October 1993; Harry Braun, The Phoenix Project: Shifting from Oil to Hydrogen with Wartime Speed, prepared for the Renewable Hydrogen Roundtable, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, 10–11 April 2003, pp. 3–4.
40. For discussion of earth restoration and basic social goals, see Chapters 10 and 11, as well as discussion in Lester R. Brown, Plan B 4.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2009). Table 13–1 from the following: universal primary education from UNESCO, Education For All Global Monitoring Report 2010: Reaching the Marginalized (Paris: 2010), pp. 119–31, and from Annababette Wils et al., Estimating the Costs of Achieving Education for All in Low-Income Countries, paper commissioned for the Education For All Global Monitoring Report 2010 (Paris:Education Policy and Data Center and UNESCO, December 2009); eradication of adult illiteracy is author’s estimate based on U.N. Commission on Population and Development, Thirty-sixth Session: Population, Education, and Development, press releases (New York: 31 March–4 April 2003); school lunch programs from U.N. World Food Programme, “Two Minutes to Learn About: School Meals,” fact sheet (Rome: updated May 2010); aid to women, infants, and preschool children is author’s estimate based on George McGovern, “Yes We CAN Feed the World’s Hungry,”Parade, 16 December 2001; universal reproductive health and family planning calculated by Earth Policy Institute based on U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA), Flow of Financial Resources for Assisting in the Implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, report for the U.N. Economic and Social Council Commission on Population and Development (New York: 21 January 2009), and on J. Joseph Speidel, University of California, San Francisco Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, discussion with and e-mail to Brigid Fitzgerald Reading, Earth Policy Institute, 8 October 2010, with cost of closing the condom gap estimated from Population Action International, “Why Condoms Count in the Era of HIV/AIDS,” fact sheet (Washington, DC: 2008), and from UNFPA, Donor Support for Contraceptives and Condoms for STI/HIV Prevention 2007 (New York: 2008); universal basic health care from Jeffrey D. Sachs and the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001); planting trees to reduce flooding and conserve soil from Lester R. Brown and Edward C. Wolf, “Reclaiming the Future,” in Lester R. Brown et al., State of the World 1988(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1988), p. 174, using data from U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),Fuelwood Supplies in the Developing Countries, Forestry Paper 42 (Rome: 1983), plus planting trees to sequester carbon from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change.Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 543, 559; protecting topsoil on cropland based on Brown and Wolf, op. cit. this note, p. 174, using data from FAO, op. cit. this note; restoring rangelands from UNEP, Status of Desertification and Implementation of the United Nations Plan of Action to Combat Desertification (Nairobi: 1991), pp. 73–92, with figures converted from 1990 to 2004 dollars using implicit price deflators from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, “Table C.1. GDP and Other Major NIPA Aggregates,” in Survey of Current Business, vol. 85, no. 9 (September 2005), p. D–48; restoring fisheries from Andrew Balmford et al., “The Worldwide Costs of Marine Protected Areas,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 101, no. 26 (29 June 2004), pp. 9,694–97; stabilizing water tables from author’s estimate; protecting biological diversity from World Parks Congress,Recommendations of the Vth IUCN World Parks Congress (Durban, South Africa: 2003), pp. 17–19, and from World Parks Congress, “The Durban Accord,” at http://www.iucn.org, viewed 19 October 2007; military expenditures from SIPRI, op. cit. note 9.
41. SIPRI, op. cit. note 9.
42. Susheela Singh et al., Adding it Up: The Costs and Benefits of Investing in Family Planning and Maternal and Newborn Health (Guttmacher Institute and UNFPA: New York, 2009), p. 4.
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